Neuron-specific enolase at admission as a predictor for stroke volume, severity and outcome in ischemic stroke patients: a prognostic biomarker review.

An ideal blood biomarker for stroke should provide reliable results, enable fast diagnosis, and be readily accessible for practical use. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), an enzyme released after neuronal damage, has been studied as a marker for brain injury, including cerebral infarction. However, different methodologies and limited sample sizes have restricted the applicability of any potential findings. This work aims to determine whether NSE levels at Emergency Department (ED) admission correlate with stroke severity, infarcted brain volume, functional outcome, and/or death rates. A systematic literature review was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. Each reviewer independently assessed all published studies identified as potentially relevant. All relevant original observational studies (cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies) were included. Eleven studies (1398 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Among these, six studies reported a significant correlation between NSE levels and stroke severity, while only one found no association. Four studies indicated a positive relationship between infarcted brain volume assessed by imaging and NSE levels, in contrast to the findings of only one study. Four studies identified an association related to functional outcome and death rates, while three others did not reach statistical significance in their findings. These data highlight that NSE levels at ED admissions proved to be a promising tool for predicting the outcome of ischemic stroke patients in most studies. However, they presented high discrepancies and low robustness. Therefore, further research is necessary to establish and define the role of NSE in clinical practice.

Identification of Vibrio metschnikovii and Vibrio injensis Isolated from Leachate Ponds: Characterization of Their Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence-Associated Genes.

This study aimed to evaluate the antibiotic resistance of 22 environmental Vibrio metschnikovii isolates and 1 Vibrio injensis isolate from landfill leachates in southwestern Colombia. Isolates were identified by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF), and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. Analysis of the susceptibility to six antibacterial agents by the Kirby-Bauer method showed susceptibility of all the isolates to ciprofloxacin and imipenem. We recorded resistance to beta-lactams and aminoglycosides, but no multidrug resistance was observed. The genome of one of the isolates was sequenced to determine the pathogenic potential of V. injensis. Genes associated with virulence were identified, including for flagellar synthesis, biofilm formation, and hemolysins, among others. These results demonstrate that landfill leachates are potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic bacteria and highlight the importance of monitoring Vibrio species in different aquatic environments.

Carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales bloodstream infections among children with cancer or post-haematopoietic stem cell transplant: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for carbapenem resistance in Enterobacterales bloodstream infections among children with cancer or post-HSCT have not been thoroughly explored. METHODS: All children with cancer or post-HSCT who developed Enterobacterales bloodstream infections in two cancer referral centres in major Colombian cities between 2012 and 2021 were retrospectively examined. When the infection episode occurred, carbapenem resistance mechanisms were evaluated according to the available methods. Data were divided in a training set (80%) and a test set (20%). Three internally validated carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) prediction models were created: a multivariate logistic regression model, and two data mining techniques. Model performances were evaluated by calculating the average of the AUC, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. RESULTS: A total of 285 Enterobacterales bloodstream infection episodes (229 carbapenem susceptible and 56 carbapenem resistant) occurred [median (IQR) age, 9 (3.5-14) years; 57% male]. The risk of CRE was 2.1 times higher when the infection was caused by Klebsiella spp. and 5.8 times higher when a carbapenem had been used for ≥3 days in the previous month. A model including these two predictive variables had a discriminatory performance of 77% in predicting carbapenem resistance. The model had a specificity of 97% and a negative predictive value of 81%, with low sensitivity and positive predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: Even in settings with high CRE prevalence, these two variables can help early identification of patients in whom CRE-active agents are unnecessary and highlight the importance of strengthening antibiotic stewardship strategies directed at preventing carbapenem overuse.

Ensino remoto emergencial na pós-graduação stricto sensu durante a pandemia da covid-19: estudo de reflexão* / Docencia remota de emergencia en posgrado stricto sensu durante la pandemia de covid-19: estudio de reflexión / Emergency remote teaching in stricto sensu graduate courses during the covid-19 pandemic: a reflection study

Objetivo: refletir sobre o ensino remoto, utilizado na pandemia da covid-19, na pós-graduação stricto sensu no contexto da universidade. Método: estudo de reflexão, apoiado em levantamento bibliográfico que permitiu o reconhecimento do predomínio do enfoque técnico, analisado à luz de autores cujo referencial teórico articula a educação e a universidade às relações sociais. Resultados: a análise do ensino remoto demanda uma investigação acerca da sua relação com mudanças que vêm se processando na universidade no cenário neoliberal, valorizando projetos de educação e sociedade com foco mercadológico, influenciando a produção do conhecimento, a formação do pesquisador e do professor da educação superior. Conclusão: ultrapassar a dimensão técnica para a apropriação da dimensão ético-política presente no ensino remoto e nos seus possíveis desdobramentos pós-pandêmico é fundamental, pois o potencial do ato educativo, em termos do encontro entre professor e aluno e da apropriação do conhecimento, não é efetivamente alcançado no ensino remoto.

Objective: to reflect on remote teaching, used during the covid-19 pandemic, in stricto sensu graduate studies in the university context. Method: this is a reflection study, supported by a bibliographical survey that allowed the recognition of the predominance of the technical focus, analyzed in the light of authors whose theoretical framework articulates education and university with social relations. Results: the analysis of remote teaching demands an investigation into its relationship with changes that have been taking place at universities in the neoliberal scenario, valuing education and society projects with a marketing focus, influencing knowledge production, researcher and professor training. Conclusion: going beyond the technical dimension to appropriating the ethical-political dimension present in remote teaching and its possible post-pandemic developments is fundamental, as the educational act's potential, in terms of the meeting between professor and student and appropriation of knowledge, is not effectively achieved in remote teaching.

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la enseñanza a distancia, utilizada durante la pandemia de covid-19, en los estudios de posgrado stricto sensu en el contexto universitario. Método: se trata de un estudio de reflexión, sustentado en un levantamiento bibliográfico que permitió reconocer el predominio del enfoque técnico, analizado a la luz de autores cuyo marco teórico articula la educación y la universidad con las relaciones sociales. Resultados: el análisis de la enseñanza a distancia exige una investigación sobre su relación con los cambios que se vienen produciendo en la universidad en el escenario neoliberal, valorar proyectos de educación y sociedad con enfoque de marketing, incidiendo en la producción de conocimiento, la formación de investigadores y docentes de educación superior. Conclusión: ir más allá de la dimensión técnica para apropiarse de la dimensión ético-política presente en la enseñanza a distancia y sus posibles desarrollos pospandemia es fundamental, ya que las potencialidades del acto educativo, en cuanto al encuentro entre docente y alumno y la apropiación del conocimiento, no se logra efectivamente en la enseñanza remota.

Beta-Lactam-Resistant Enterobacterales Isolated from Landfill Leachates.

Antibiotic resistance is one of the main challenges worldwide due to the high morbidity and mortality caused by infections produced by resistant bacteria. In Colombia, this problem has been studied mainly from the clinical perspective; however, it is scarcely studied in the leachates produced in landfills. The objective of this study was to detect, identify and determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of Enterobacterales isolated from a leachate treatment plant located in Cali, Colombia. Detection was performed using selective culture media, bacterial identification using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF, bioMérieux) and by sequencing the gene coding for the 16S ribosomal RNA subunit when discrepancies were observed between phenotypic characteristics and MALDI-TOF. Antibiotic sensitivity profiling was determined using the automated VITEK®2 system (bioMérieux). Twenty-one isolates were obtained, of which Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent (23.8%), and 34% of the isolates showed decreased sensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics such as cefoxitin, ampicillin/sulbactam and piperacillin/tazobactam. These findings suggest that leachates from landfills could be a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance determinants, so periodic microbiological characterization of these effluents should be performed, promoting the One Health approach.

Comparative In Vitro Activity of Ceftolozane/Tazobactam against Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales from Five Latin American Countries.

BACKGROUND: Ceftolozane/tazobactam (C/T) is a combination of an antipseudomonal oxyiminoaminothiazolyl cephalosporin with potent in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and tazobactam, a known ß-lactamase inhibitor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of C/T against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and Enterobacterales collected from five Latin American countries between 2016 and 2017, before its clinical use in Latin America, and to compare it with the activity of other available broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. METHODS: a total of 2760 clinical isolates (508 P. aeruginosa and 2252 Enterobacterales) were consecutively collected from 20 hospitals and susceptibility to C/T and comparator agents was tested and interpreted following the current guidelines. RESULTS: according to the CLSI breakpoints, 68.1% (346/508) of P. aeruginosa and 83.9% (1889/2252) of Enterobacterales isolates were susceptible to C/T. Overall, C/T demonstrated higher in vitro activity than currently available cephalosporins, piperacillin/tazobactam and carbapenems when tested against P. aeruginosa, and its performance in vitro was comparable to fosfomycin. When tested against Enterobacterales, it showed higher activity than cephalosporins and piperacillin/tazobactam, and similar activity to ertapenem. CONCLUSIONS: these results show that C/T is an active ß-lactam agent against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and Enterobacterales.

Impact of antimicrobial stewardship programs on antibiotic consumption and antimicrobial resistance in four Colombian healthcare institutions.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have become a fundamental pillar in optimizing antimicrobial usage, improving patient care, and reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Herein we evaluated the impact of an ASP on antimicrobial consumption and AMR in Colombia. METHODS: We designed a retrospective observational study and measured trends in antibiotic consumption and AMR before and after the implementation of an ASP using interrupted time series analysis over a 4-year period (24 months before and 24 months after ASP implementation). RESULTS: ASPs were implemented according to the available resources in each of the institutions. Before ASP implementation, there was a trend toward an increase in the antibiotic consumption of all measured antimicrobials selected. Afterward, an overall decrease in antibiotic consumption was observed. The use of ertapenem and meropenem decreased in hospital wards, while a decrease in the use of ceftriaxone, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, and vancomycin was observed in intensive care units. After ASP implementation, the trend toward an increase of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli, and meropenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reversed. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, we showed that ASPs are a key strategy in tackling the emerging threat of AMR and have a positive impact on antibiotic consumption and resistance.

The relationship between recent PTSD secondary to sexual assault, hippocampal volume and resting state functional connectivity in adolescent girls.

Objective: Improved understanding of the time course of neural changes associated with adolescent PTSD would elucidate the development of the disorder and could inform approaches to treatment. We compared hippocampal volumes and resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) in adolescent girls with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) secondary to sexual assault, within six months of onset and age- and gender-matched, non-trauma exposed healthy controls (HCs) in São Paulo, Brazil. We also examined the relationship between pre- and post-treatment PTSD symptoms and RSFC. Method: We collected brain structure, RSFC, and PTSD symptoms in 30 adolescents with PTSD (mean age: 15.7 ± 1.04 years) and 21 HCs (mean age: 16.2 ± 1.21 years) at baseline. We collected repeated measures in 21 participants with PTSD following treatment; 9 participants dropped out. Hippocampal volume and RSFC from hippocampal and default mode network (DMN) seeds were compared between participants with PTSD and HCs. We examined associations between within-subject changes in RSFC and PTSD symptoms following treatment. Results: No hippocampal volumetric differences between groups were found. Compared to HCs, adolescents with recent PTSD had reduced RSFC between hippocampus and the lateral parietal node of the DMN, encompassing the angular gyrus, peak coordinates: -38, -54, 16; 116 voxels; peak F 1,47 = 31.76; FDR corrected p = 0.038. Improvements in PTSD symptoms were associated with increased RSFC between hippocampus and part of the lateral parietal node of the DMN, peak coordinates: -38, -84, 38; 316 voxels; peak F 1,47 = 40.28; FDR corrected p < 0.001. Conclusion: Adolescents with recent PTSD had reduced hippocampal-DMN RSFC, while no group differences in hippocampal volume were found, suggesting that hippocampal function, but not structure, is altered early in the course of PSTD. Following treatment, hippocampal-DMN RSFC increased with symptom improvement and may indicate an important neural mechanism related to successful PTSD treatment.

Escherichia coli ST471 Producing VIM-4 Metallo-ß-Lactamase in Colombia.

An Escherichia coli isolate sequence-type 471 (ST471) producing Verona integron-encoded metallo-ß-lactamases (VIM)-4 was recovered from a rectal swab in a patient without travel records with osteomyelitis in Colombia. The isolate carried a class 1 integron-borne blaVIM-4 gene with a 170-bp duplication in the 3' end of the gene, preceded by an aac(6')-Ib gene. The genetic environment of blaVIM-4, blaCMY-2, and sul2 genes showed similarities to the backbone of pKKp4, an IncA/C-type plasmid from a Klebsiella pneumoniae strain carrying blaVIM-4 recovered in Kuwait. This is the first report of blaVIM-4 in Enterobacterales in South America. Our results suggest that blaVIM-4 gene was found on an IncA/C-type plasmid that could play a role in the spread of VIM-4 carbapenemase in Colombia.

¡De repente, profesor! Caminos que recorren los enfermeros en busca de formación docente / Suddenly, teacher! Paths taken by nurses searching for teacher training / De repente, professor! Caminhos percorridos pelos enfermeiros em busca da formação docente

ABSTRACT Objective: to know the paths taken by the nurse-teachers of the Nursing technical course in search of their training for the teaching career. Method: a qualitative and cross-sectional research study, carried out with nurses who teach at the Nursing technical course of a Technical School of the Unified Health System in Ceará. The data were collected through a focus group in October 2019, and analyzed according to Bardin's thematic content analysis, with the aid of the Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Results: the paths for nurses' teacher training permeate their motivation to enter the teaching career, whose reasons are related to the difficulty finding a job in the assistance area, invitation to teach, job opportunity or existence of some need; initial performance in teaching, which emphasizes mid-level; and by training itself, which had its need confirmed and, from the participants' perspective, met through participation in institutional qualifications and personal search for specialization courses. Conclusion: the paths taken by nurse-teachers in search of their training for the teaching career are related to the reasons why they enter teaching, with their initial performance in teaching and with teacher training itself, regarding verification of their need and ways accessed for such qualification. The nurse's prior training for the teaching practice ultimately points to professional excellence and appreciation and commitment to the Unified Health System. Thus, it becomes imperative to (re)formulate policies that consider the complexity and professionality of teaching, with a view to expert teaching training and performance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer los caminos que recorren los profesores de enfermería en el curso técnico de Enfermería en busca de su formación docente. Método: investigación cualitativa, transversal, realizada con enfermeros profesores del curso técnico de Enfermería en una Escuela Técnica del Sistema Único de Salud en Ceará. Los datos se recopilaron a través de un grupo focal, en octubre de 2019, y se analizaron de acuerdo con el análisis de contenido temático de Bardin, con el soporte del Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Resultados: los caminos para la formación del docente de enfermería pasan por su motivación para la inserción en la docencia, cuyas razones se relacionan con la dificultad de ser empleado en tareas asistenciales, invitación a enseñar, oportunidad laboral o existencia de alguna necesidad; desempeño inicial en la docencia, que enfatiza la educación secundaria; y por la formación propiamente dicha, cuya necesidad fue corroborada y, a juicio de los participantes, suplida a través de la participación en las cualificaciones institucionales y la búsqueda personal de cursos de especialización. Conclusión: los caminos que recorren los profesores de enfermería en busca de su formación docente están relacionados con las razones por las que ingresan a la docencia, con el desempeño inicial en la docencia y con la propia formación docente, en cuanto a la constatación de su necesidad y las vías de acceso para dicha cualificación. La formación previa del enfermero para la práctica docente apunta, en última instancia, a la excelencia y la valoración profesional y al compromiso con el Sistema Único de Salud, por lo que es imperativo (re) formular políticas que consideren la complejidad y profesionalidad de la docencia, con miras a la obtención de formación y actuación docente especializada.

RESUMO Objetivo: conhecer os caminhos percorridos pelos enfermeiros docentes do curso técnico de Enfermagem em busca da sua formação para a docência. Método: pesquisa qualitativa, transversal, realizada com enfermeiros professores do curso técnico de Enfermagem de uma Escola Técnica do Sistema Único de Saúde do Ceará. Os dados foram coletados através de grupo focal, em outubro de 2019, e analisados segundo análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin, com apoio do Qualitative Data Analysis Software. Resultados: os caminhos para a formação docente do enfermeiro perpassam pela sua motivação para inserção na docência, cujos motivos relacionam-se com a dificuldade de empregar-se na assistência, convite para lecionar, oportunidade de trabalho ou existência de alguma necessidade; atuação inicial no ensino, a qual confere ênfase ao nível médio; e pela formação propriamente, que teve sua necessidade constatada e, na visão dos participantes, suprida mediante a participação em qualificações institucionais e busca pessoal por cursos de especialização. Conclusão: os caminhos percorridos pelos enfermeiros docentes em busca da sua formação para a docência guardam relação com os motivos pelos quais ingressam no ensino, com a atuação inicial no magistério e com a própria formação docente, referente à constatação da sua necessidade e vias acessadas para tal qualificação. A formação prévia do enfermeiro para o exercício docente aponta, em última análise, para a excelência e valorização profissional e compromisso com o Sistema Único de Saúde. Assim, torna-se imperativa a (re)formulação de políticas que considerem a complexidade e profissionalidade do ensino, com vistas a uma formação e atuação docente experta.

Perfis profissionais de planos de cursos técnicos em saúde: mercado, SUS e formação humana / Professional profiles of technical course plans in health: market, SUS and human education / Perfiles profesionales de planes de cursos técnicos en salud: mercado, SUS y formación humana

Resumo O estudo que originou este artigo é do tipo qualitativo, documental e de perspectiva histórico-dialética, cujo objetivo é refletir sobre aproximações e afastamentos da formação de técnicos da área da saúde em relação ao Sistema Único de Saúde e à formação humana, mediante a análise de sete planos de cursos, com foco no perfil profissional de seis escolas (quatro públicas e dois estabelecimentos de ensino privados) do estado de São Paulo. A análise foi feita com base nas relações estabelecidas entre perfis profissionais e alguns dispositivos político-legais. A explicitação do Sistema Único de Saúde na descrição dos perfis é fragilizada, não havendo referência, na maioria dos planos, exceto em dois da enfermagem (um deles pertencente à Escola Técnica do Sistema Único de Saúde). Essa fragilidade vai ao encontro dos catálogos nacionais dos cursos técnicos nas versões utilizadas das áreas profissionais em foco. Nos planos, com ênfase nos cursos técnicos em farmácia e nutrição e dietética, sobressai nas justificativas e tendências o enfoque explícito ao mercado. Há apropriação de conceitos potencializadores da lógica neoliberal, mesmo com indicação de 'formação crítica'. É desafiante a proposição de formação humana e a favor do Sistema Único de Saúde na educação profissional técnica de nível médio em saúde considerando-se os avanços da lógica neoliberal.

Abstract The study that originated this article is qualitative, documentary and of historical-dialectical perspective, whose objective is to reflect on approximations and departures from the training of technicians in the health area in relation to the Brazilian Unified Health System and human formation, through the analysis of seven course plans, focusing on the professional profile of six schools (four public and two private schools) in the state of São Paulo. The analysis was based on the relationships established between professional profiles and some political-legal devices. The explanation of the Unified Health System in the description of the profiles is fragile, with no reference in most plans, except for two in nursing (one belonging to the Technical School of the Unified Health System). This weakness is in line with the national catalogs of technical courses in the versions used in the professional areas in focus. In the plans, with emphasis on technical courses in pharmacy and nutrition and dietetics, the explicit focus on the market stands out in the justifications and trends. There is appropriation of potentiating concepts of neoliberal logic, even with an indication of 'critical training'. The proposition of human formation and in favor of the Unified Health System in technical professional education of medium level in health is challenging, considering the advances of the neoliberal logic.

Resumen El estudio que dio origen a este artículo es de perspectiva cualitativa, documental e histórico-dialéctica, cuyo objetivo es reflexionar sobre las aproximaciones y desviaciones de la formación de técnicos en el área de la salud en relación con el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil y con la formación humana, a través del análisis de siete planes de cursos, enfocados en el perfil profesional de seis escuelas (cuatro públicas y dos privadas) en el estado de São Paulo. El análisis se basó en las relaciones que se establecen entre los perfiles profesionales y algunos dispositivos político-jurídicos. La exposición del Sistema Único de Salud en la descripción de los perfiles es frágil, sin referencia en la mayoría de los planes, excepto dos en enfermería (uno perteneciente a la Escuela Técnica del Sistema Único de Salud). Esta debilidad está en línea con los catálogos nacionales de los cursos técnicos en las versiones utilizadas en las áreas profesionales en foco. En los planes, con énfasis en cursos técnicos en farmacia y nutrición y dietética, se destaca en las justificaciones y tendencias el enfoque explícito en el mercado. Hay apropiación de conceptos potenciadores de la lógica neoliberal, incluso con un indicio de 'formación crítica'. Es desafiadora la propuesta de formación humana y a favor del Sistema Único de Salud en la educación profesional técnica de nivel medio en salud, considerando los avances de la lógica neoliberal.

A new species of Andean golden poison frog (Andinobates, Dendrobatidae) from the Eastern Andes of Colombia.

A new species of Andinobates (Dendrobatidae) is described from the East Andes of Colombia, just 37 km away from the Colombian capital, Bogot. Andinobates supata sp. nov., represents the second known species of yellow Andinobates, and can be distinguished from the other, Andinobates tolimensis, by an unique combination of ventral and dorsal color patterns. Our phylogenetic analyses, based on ≈ 1120 bp from two mitochondrial markers (16S rRNA and cytochrome b) showed that this new taxon is sister to a clade formed by A. cassidyhornae, A. bombetes, A. opisthomelas, A. tolimensis and A. virolinensis. The new species appears to be restricted to a handful of small forest fragments (10 ha) distributed in no more than 5 km2, between 18002000 m elevation, where the human activity is high. In addition, more than 90% of the original forest has been logged at the type locality, and its watersheds receive considerable agrochemical discharges. Altogether, the evidence suggests that this new species should be listed as Critically Endangered and should receive immediate attention regarding basic research and urgent conservation measures.

Genetic Diversity of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates Carrying bla VIM-2 and bla KPC-2 Genes That Spread on Different Genetic Environment in Colombia.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen with an increase in the frequency of infections caused by multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains, limiting the available therapeutic options. The most troublesome resistance is the acquisition and production of carbapenemases such as Verona integron-encoded metallo-ß-lactamases (VIM), the most frequent and widespread, and the Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases (KPC), which has continuously spread in the last decade. Its dissemination is linked to their location on mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In Colombia, VIM and KPC have been increasing in its frequency showing major successful dissemination. In this article, we molecularly characterized and analyzed the genetic context of bla VIM and bla KPC in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) isolates from infected and colonized patients in two tertiary-care hospitals, one in Medellín and the other in a municipality close to Medellín, both areas with high carbapenemase endemicity in Colombia (2013-2015). Using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), we identified a remarkable variety of genetic backgrounds in these MDR P. aeruginosa isolates carrying bla KPC- 2 and bla VIM- 2. There were a diversity of class 1 integron and variations in the gene cassettes associated to bla VIM- 2, as well as a possible event of spread of bla KPC- 2 mediated by a plasmid that contained part of Tn4401b in one infection case. The dissemination of bla VIM- 2 and bla KPC- 2 in P. aeruginosa in this area in Colombia has been strongly influenced by successful international clones, carrying these genes and additional determinants of resistance on MGEs, accompanied by gene rearrangement under an antimicrobial selection pressure. These findings emphasize the need to implement control strategies based on rational antibiotic use.

Molecular Characterization of KPC-2-Producing Enterobacter cloacae Complex Isolates from Cali, Colombia.

The Enterobacter cloacae complex is an emerging opportunistic pathogen whose increased resistance to carbapenems is considered a public health problem. This is due to the loss of efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics, which are used as the first treatment option in the management of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. The objective of this study was to perform the molecular characterization of 28 isolates of the E. cloacae complex resistant to cephalosporins and carbapenems isolated between 2011 and 2018 from five hospitals located in the municipality of Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Molecular detection of blaKPC, blaVIM, blaNDM and blaOXA-48-like genes was performed on these isolates and the genetic relationship between the isolates was assessed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Forty-three percent of the isolates carried the blaKPC-2 gene variant. MLST showed high genetic diversity among isolates, the most frequent being the sequence type ST510 with a frequency of 50%. The identification of the genes involved in carbapenem resistance and dispersing genotypes is an important step toward the development of effective prevention and epidemiological surveillance strategies in Colombian hospitals.

Professional insertion of registered nurses: a study with alumni. / A inserção profissional de enfermeiros licenciados: um estudo de egressos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the professional insertion of registered nurses, taking into account the current structure of work in the health area and in the training of technical workers, from the perspective of training of professionals who will develop their activities in the Brazilian Unified Health System. METHOD: Quantitative, cross-sectional, and exploratory study, with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test, carried out with 105 alumni of a nursing undergraduate course. An electronic questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: The alumni worked as nurses (n = 59, 56.2%) or teachers (n = 18, 17.1%). The areas with the greatest absorption of alumni were hospitals (n = 37, 62.7%), the public sector (n = 35, 59.3%), and high-school level technical professional education (n = 16, 88.9%). Most participants were dissatisfied with their income (n = 56, 72.7%) and pointed out that the received values were incompatible with the work (n = 59, 76.6%). CONCLUSION: The alumni faced problems in developing their professional activities, especially because of the current policies, which establish limits on the recognition of healthcare workers and education as a public asset. Progress in the recognition of the profession of registered nurse is necessary, given the relevance of these professionals in the health and education systems and the nature of the profession's practice of providing education and care, which have a transformative potential.

A inserção profissional de enfermeiros licenciados: um estudo de egressos / Inserción laboral de licenciados en enfermería: estudio sobre graduados / Professional insertion of registered nurses: a study with alumni

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar a inserção profissional de enfermeiros licenciados, considerando a conformação atual do trabalho na área da saúde e na formação dos trabalhadores técnicos, na perspectiva da formação de profissionais atuantes no SUS. Método Estudo quantitativo, transversal e exploratório, com análise estatística descritiva e inferencial por teste exato de Fisher, com 105 egressos de um curso de Bacharelado e Licenciatura. Aplicado questionário eletrônico. Resultados Os egressos atuam como enfermeiros (n = 59, 56,2%) e professores (n = 18, 17,1%). A área com maior absorção dos egressos foi a hospitalar (n = 37; 62,7%), o setor público (n=35; 59,3%) e a educação profissional técnica de nível médio (n = 16, 88,9%). 56 (72,7%) estavam insatisfeitos com a renda. 59 (76,6%) indicaram rendimentos incompatíveis com o trabalho. Conclusão A atuação dos egressos enfrenta problemas quanto às políticas atuais, com limites na valorização do trabalhador da saúde e da educação como bem público. Avanços na valorização da profissão do enfermeiro licenciado são necessários, considerando a relevância desse profissional no sistema de saúde e de educação e a natureza de sua práxis de educar e cuidar com potencial transformador.

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la inserción laboral de licenciados en enfermería, considerando la conformación actual del trabajo del área de salud y de formación de trabajadores técnicos, en vista de la formación de profesionales actuantes en el SUS. Método Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, exploratorio, con análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial por test exacto de Fisher, con 105 graduados de un curso de Licenciatura y Profesorado. Aplicado cuestionario electrónico. Resultados Los graduados actúan como enfermeros (n = 59; 56,2%) y profesores (n = 18; 17,1%). Las áreas con mayor captación de graduados fueron: la hospitalaria (n = 37; 62,7%), el sector público (n = 35; 59,3%) y la educación profesional técnica nivel medio (n = 16; 88,9%). 56 (72,7%) mostraron insatisfacción por sus ingresos. 59 (76,6%) refirieron ingresos incompatibles con el trabajo. Conclusión La actuación de los graduados enfrenta problemas respecto de las políticas actuales, que limitan la valoración del trabajador de salud y de educación como bienes públicos. Son necesarios avances de valoración profesional del enfermero docente, considerando la importancia de estos profesionales en el sistema de salud y educativo, y el carácter de su praxis de educar y cuidar con potencial transformador.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the professional insertion of registered nurses, taking into account the current structure of work in the health area and in the training of technical workers, from the perspective of training of professionals who will develop their activities in the Brazilian Unified Health System. Method Quantitative, cross-sectional, and exploratory study, with descriptive and inferential statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test, carried out with 105 alumni of a nursing undergraduate course. An electronic questionnaire was applied. Results The alumni worked as nurses (n = 59, 56.2%) or teachers (n = 18, 17.1%). The areas with the greatest absorption of alumni were hospitals (n = 37, 62.7%), the public sector (n = 35, 59.3%), and high-school level technical professional education (n = 16, 88.9%). Most participants were dissatisfied with their income (n = 56, 72.7%) and pointed out that the received values were incompatible with the work (n = 59, 76.6%). Conclusion The alumni faced problems in developing their professional activities, especially because of the current policies, which establish limits on the recognition of healthcare workers and education as a public asset. Progress in the recognition of the profession of registered nurse is necessary, given the relevance of these professionals in the health and education systems and the nature of the profession's practice of providing education and care, which have a transformative potential.

ética e promoção da saúde sob a ótica de enfermeiros da atenção básica / ética y promoción de la salud desde la perspectiva de los enfermeros de atención primaria / Ethics and health promotion from the perspective of primary care nurses

Objetivo: identificar a percepção de enfermeiros da Atenção Básica sobre a ética na realização de ações de promoção da saúde. Método: estudo descritivo exploratório de natureza qualitativa, realizado com 14 enfermeiros atuantes em unidades de Estratégia Saúde da Família. Os dados obtidos por entrevista semiestruturada foram analisados mediante a análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: evidenciaram-se conflitos de ética profissional entre enfermeiros e médicos; relação de vínculo entre usuários e enfermeiros; condutas de promoção da saúde pelo enfermeiro com enfoque biologicista; justificativa de assistência inadequada aos usuários, por motivo de sobrecarga de trabalho e equipe de enfermagem incompleta; sofrimento moral pelo enfermeiro durante a experiência profissional. Considerações finais: na perspectiva de enfermeiros atuantes na Atenção Básica, a ética na realização de ações de promoção da saúde está relacionada à diversidade de trabalho cotidiano decorrente da experiência profissional.

Objetivo: identificar la percepción de los enfermeros de atención primaria sobre la ética en las acciones de promoción de la salud. Método: estudio descriptivo exploratorio de carácter cualitativo, realizado con 14 enfermeros que trabajan en unidades de Estrategia de Salud Familiar. Los datos obtenidos por entrevista semiestructurada fueron analizados a través del análisis de contenido en la modalidad temática. Resultados: se evidenciaron conflictos de ética profesional entre enfermeros y médicos; relación entre usuarios y enfermeros; la promoción de la salud realizada por enfermeros con enfoque biológico; justificación de la atención inadecuada a los usuarios, debido a la sobrecarga de trabajo y al personal de enfermería incompleto; sufrimiento de los enfermeros durante la experiencia profesional. Consideraciones finales: desde la perspectiva de los enfermeros que trabajan en Atención Primaria, la ética en las acciones de promoción de la salud está relacionada con la diversidad del trabajo diario resultante de la experiencia profesional.

Objective: to identify the perception of primary care nurses about ethics in health promotion actions. Method: exploratory descriptive study of qualitative nature, carried out with 14 nurses working in Family Health Strategy units. The data obtained from semi-structured interview were analyzed through content analysis in the thematic modality. Results: conflicts of professional ethics between nurses and physicians were evidenced, in addition to the relationship between users and nurses; health promotion behaviors by nurses with a biologicist approach; justification of inadequate care to users, due to work overload and incomplete nursing staff; nurses' distress during professional experience. Final considerations: according to the nurses working in Primary Care, ethics in health promotion actions is related to the diversity of daily work resulting from professional experience.